Fluid analyser systems

ABSTRACT

Fluid analyzer systems are provided which can detect a multitude of fluids in a sample to a very high level of accuracy which includes the detection of the presence of very small amounts of fluids. The results are both qualitative and quantitative. The systems consist of a receptacle which is filled with the fluid sample to be analysed which is placed into a consistent light condition environment where its temperature is measured. Under a predetermined time duration, Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) detector(s) receive by absorbance, radiation from the fluid sample at known wavelengths and are matched against a databank of known wavelengths of fluids. Matching wavelengths within a pre-defined tolerance will determine whether an individual fluid is present or not.

The present invention relates to fluid analysers and in particular itrelates to improved forms of fluid analysers capable of determining theindividual chemical composition of the fluid. In particular theinvention relates to analysers which are simple to operate and are bothqualitative and quantitative in identification of the components withinindividual and/or a multitude of fluids. The invention offers a highdegree of accuracy without having to change or put additional fluidanalyser sensors into the system.

Most analysers rely upon sensors gathering information from withinfrictional flow rates of fluids. However, the analyser of the presentinvention works by collecting the fluid sample via a non-invasivemethodology. In a preferred embodiment the invention relates to a fluidanalyser that is portable and may be used to analyse the samples takenat a remote location and to interact with other fluid analyser systemsusually of the same manufacture. Allowing its use in a wide variety ofenvironments and settings.

For the purpose of this document, Fluid means:

-   -   i) Consisting of any particles that move freely among        themselves.    -   ii) Particle means, a minute portion of matter.    -   iii) Matter means, any of numerous subatomic and/or atomic        constituents of the physical world that interact with each        other.    -   iv) Constituents means, anything that occupies a space.

Portable fluid analysers are known, the breathalyser used to detectalcohol in a motorist's breath is an example of a portable fluidanalyser. Portable, or mobile, analysers are also used for environmentalpurposes such as the determination of air purity around petrochemicalcomplexes, gas fires and boilers. Portable, or mobile analysers are alsoused in mining and in other hazardous activities to detect the presenceof dangerous fluids.

Existing portable fluid analysers consist of a sampler and an analyser.They do however, suffer from certain disadvantages. Firstly the fluidsampler and the analyser make up a unitary apparatus with operatorsmanning and being required to understand the complexities of theanalyser. Furthermore, the results of the analysis cannot usually becompared on the spot with previous data because that is generally storedin a remote location. An additional disadvantage is that typicallyanalysers can usually detect no more than 4 gases in a portable unit atany one time and speciality analysers can usually detect no more than 6at any one time. The analysers are further limited in that when workingon gaseous mixtures they cannot detect a concentration above and/orbelow a saturation limit which depends upon the nature of the gas.

Existing fluid analysers tend to detect fluids in a flow of fluid in astream as it passes a detection probe or probes. This technique suffersfrom the drawback that the probe must be cleaned after each analysisbefore any subsequent use and it is difficult to get the probesufficiently clean to prevent contamination for the next test. Also itIs sometimes necessary to recalibrate the probes between each analysis.In many existing fluid analysers each fluid is detected through anelectro chemical sensor and the user needs to replace the sensoraccording to the fluid to be detected. It is then necessary torecalibrate the sensor to detect another fluid.

If the flow rate in one analyser is greater than that of another and thesensors are the same. The device with the greater frictional flow rateshould provide a more accurate reading. However to obtain an evengreater accuracy and a wider range of fluid analysis, a radioactive scanin a predetermined environment will provide greater accuracy andquantity analysis report.

Chemiluminescence is sometimes used for gas analysis and involves thecapturing and interpretation of emitted light during a chemicalreaction. Absorption and desorption rates of molecules on surfaces offluids and their transfer rates from a surface of a fluid are dependentupon temperature. This action is termed surface diffusion and wherethere is an equilibrium both absorption and desorption occur creatingcorresponding fluxes of equal magnitude. This type of analyser suffersfrom the disadvantage that it relies on thermal or chemical reactionsinduced or otherwise to analyse the intensity values of fluids and thusdetermine the amounts of fluids that are present.

Gas Chromatography is also used for fluid analysis. This techniqueseparates a mixture of fluids by passing it in solution or suspensionthrough a medium in which the components move at different rates toenable identification of the different components present in themixture. The fluid analyser system of the present invention however, hasno need to pass the sample in the container through a mixture or suspendit in a liquid in order to asses the identity of the contents or theirvolume within the sample.

It has also been proposed that fluids may be analysed from thereconstructed gas/fluid emissions formed and identified by the additionof chemicals in a calculated manner. The surface relaxation of fluidshas the causal effect of emitting a variable light. The variable lightfrom the chemical reaction helps create the environment where electronsinvade the x, y and z axis through a process of spilling. Friedeloscillations are created near the surface of fluids which may or may notscreen the ions. Where the ions are allowed to withdraw back into thesurface of a material the energy received from the material will bereduced or changed. The changes can be used to indicate the nature ofthe components of the fluid, this process however suffers from thedisadvantage that it relies on a chemical reaction.

The refractive index is used to differentiate the light reflected backfrom different substances thereby providing an identity, however, thelight cannot be clearly identified much beyond 6 decimal places whichhas the disadvantage of categorising different substances under the samerefractive index number.

Mass Spectrometry can also be used. The objective of the Massspectrometry is to separate each mass from the next integer mass andthis can be achieved in several ways the first of which is via Unitresolution mass 50 distinguishable from mass 51, for example. Themagnetic sector using the Gaussian Triangle peak method ofdifferentiation. The Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FTICR)system utilises twin peaks with a Lorentzian shape and 10% valleyresolution. The Time Of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometer is resolved to a50% peak-height definition incorporating the Gaussian triangle shape.The two peaks are resolved to a 50% valley.

Mass Spectrometry is concerned with the separation of matter accordingto atomic and molecular mass. It is most often used in the analysis oforganic compounds of molecular mass up to as high as 200,000 Daltons,(Atomic Mass Unit) and until recent years was largely restricted torelatively volatile compounds. Continuous development and improvement ofinstrumentation and techniques have made mass spectrometry the mostversatile, sensitive and widely used analytical method available today.However, the fluid analyser system of the present invention is capableof a definition of a fluid particle beyond that of a mass spectrometer.Furthermore, the analysis of the present invention utilises capturedsample/s where integrity of the sample is maintained. Mass Spectrometryalso suffers from the difficulty that integrity is problematic. Anadditional advantage of the present invention is that the samples can bestored.

In Mass Spectrometry radiation sources, such as lasers, are used, thewavelength of current lasers occurs in approximately the visiblewavelengths. Conversion of visible wavelengths into shorter wavelengthradiation has many practical applications beyond the intrinsictheoretical interest in production mechanisms, as absorption sources,x-ray heating sources, x-ray lasers. Radiation is amplified throughlaser energy aimed at the sample. The fluid analyser of the presentinvention does not require additional energy radiation in order toamplify the signal radiative source of the fluid in the sample containerto facilitate the identity of the fluid.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,271,522 suggests that spectrometry may be used for gasdetection. Similarly U.S. Pat. No. 5,319,199 uses infrared and ultraviolet radiation to detect the gases present in vehicle emissions. U.S.Pat. No. 4,746,218 is concerned with spectral absorption to detect andanalyse gases. None of those devices enable the simultaneous detectionand analysis of a multitude of gases and none of them can detect gasesat a low enough concentration to be useful in comprehensive medicaldiagnosis.

The present invention provides a fluid analyser system, in particular aportable fluid analyser system which overcomes the various disadvantagespreviously described. The analyser of the present invention does notrequire probes in the fluid to be analysed and operates on a selfcontained static fluid sample which thus minimises or avoidscontamination of the sample. The analyser of the present invention hasthe additional benefit that the sample once taken remains sealed toprevent contamination. The fluid analysers of the present invention canbe used to develop personal breath profiles which can be stored somewhatlike a fingerprint and the stored profile can be checked against a newsample taken at a later date or during health checks.

According to the present invention detection of the radiation emitted bythe various components in a sample of the fluid is used to determine thenature of and quantities of materials present in the fluid. Thisprovides the option that only the radiation emitted by the molecules inthe sample can be used for analysis and additional sources of energy,such as light, heat, sound and vibration may not be required.

Accordingly in one embodiment the present invention provides a fluidanalyser system comprising a receptacle(s) for the collection of a fluidsample and an analysis apparatus containing a consistent light conditioncompartment containing temperature detection device(s) into which thereceptacle containing the fluid sample may be placed and means fordetecting the radiation emitted by the sample, together with means formagnification of the detected signal.

The present invention further provides means for translating themagnified signal into the nature and quantity of the fluids present inthe sample said means being referenced according to:

-   -   a) the known volume of the inflated receptacle    -   b) the light condition of the fluid sample    -   c) the temperature of the fluid sample    -   d) the duration of the radiation scan and/or    -   e) the distance of the radiation scan.

The present invention further provides a fluid analyser systemcomprising:

-   -   i) A receptacle for a fluid sample.    -   ii) A consistent light condition environment in which the        receptacle can be placed.    -   iii) A timing device for measuring duration of the scan of the        radiation emitted by the fluid sample in the receptacle.    -   iv) A temperature sensor for determining the temperature of the        sample.    -   v) Detector(s) for receiving data from the radiation emitted by        the sample located at a predetermined distance from the sample.    -   vi) Means for translating and magnifying the signal from the        detector(s) enabling identification of the intensities and the        peak intensity values' wavelengths.

Optionally the system may also include a light meter for determining theconsistent light condition environment.

The peak intensities and peak intensity values may then be summed and/orcorrelated with either known/unknown peak intensities and/or peakintensities values (nm wavelength values) to indicate the nature of thefluids present in the sample and to determine the concentrations of thefluids in the sample.

The detector(s) used in the present invention is preferably a radiationabsorbance device(s) which receives the radiation levels according tothe nano metre wave energy received from fluid(s) within the sample offluid as recorded over a predetermined time span via a dividedamalgam-coated glass or other appropriate material surface. The surfacerecords the radiation levels received at the specific nano meter wavedivided cells. These cells are convenient indicators used for thepurpose of identification of the sample fluid and its intensity volume.

This system may operate via a specially designed, fully coordinated,computer driven software system to provide an advisory status report ofthe content of the fluid and the conditions under which the test wasperformed.

The analyser system of the present invention preferably also includes ameans for the measurement of the humidity and dew point of the sampleand also means for determining the atmospheric pressure. Thesemeasurements can be stored to enable these factors to be taken intoaccount if and when the profile is compared with another sample or forreference purposes. This may be the case when the analyser is used forfluid/emission analysis for health and environmental purposes. In afurther preferred embodiment the system is provided with a GPS so thatthe date, time and location (altitude, longitude and latitude) of theposition where the sample was taken can be recorded.

The system preferably also includes a means for the measurement ofgravity, sound and vibration, velocity and direction.

The analysers of the present invention can detect the presence of amultitude of fluids in a sample and they can also detect the presence ofthe amounts of fluids present as low as parts per billion and lower. Thefluid analyser of the present invention has the benefit that it may beused at anytime by trained operators in most environments andconditions. Furthermore, the analyser system is versatile. For example,the sample may be taken at one location and the scanning and analysissystem may be used in the same or another location. The detectionsignal, either via a remote control or operator, may then be transferredto another location for magnification, analysis and/or storage or keptin the same location for magnification, analysis and/or storage. Datamay also be received in the same manner and this data and any otherstored data may be used for comparative purposes being checked againstany previous or current internal and/or external test results. If thedata analysis system is at a different location from the sample taken,it is preferable to install relevant reference data into the fluidanalyser system including the time, conditions and location of where thesample was taken. Maintaining the integrity of the reference data.

The techniques of the present invention may be used in an industrialenvironment for the detection of gases in particular pollutants andtoxic gases in for example mines, chemical plant, oil rigs, oil wellsand the like. It may also be used in the evaluation of enginecombustion, the emissions generated and their interaction with theenvironment. It is particularly useful in the detection of particulates.This is useful in the monitoring of engine performance, which isbecoming increasingly important as environmental legislation becomesmore severe. This is particularly relevant to diesel engine performance.The techniques may also be used for, but not limited to, environmentalstudies where atmospheric changes are significant such as in weatherforecasting and forecasting, volcanic eruption and earthquakes.Additionally, the analysers can be used to detect different gases orcombinations of gases that plant life can produce prior to earthquakes.

A particular use of the techniques of the present invention is in thedetection of the content of human and animal breath. The techniquestherefore may be used in the production of data for the monitoring ofhuman health. In addition, the ability to take and scan samples in onelocation, such as in the home, in an ambulance or at an accident siteand transmit the results to, for example, a doctor's surgery or ahospital for analysis and the production of results can enable morerapid diagnosis and treatment.

In whatever environment the present invention is used in order todetermine the identity and volume, a sample of the fluid to be analysedis first collected in a receptacle(s). In order to get a sharp image ofthe radiation emitted by the sample the walls of the receptacle shouldhave a high optical clarity. The side walls of the receptacle should beflexible but not elastic. The receptacle is preferably provided with aone-way valve to enable it to be filled through the one-way valve. Thevalve will prevent escape of the introduced fluid and ensures that thereceptacle is automatically closed when it is full. The receptacleshould be such that there is minimum contamination. The size and theshape of the receptacle is not important and will depend upon theenvironment in which the analyser is used.

The materials used to make the receptacle should have minimal absorptionand dispersion rates and withstand potentially very high temperatures.The walls of the receptacle are preferably thin to improve the opticalclarity and the accuracy of the fluid sample temperature.

The degree of optical clarity required will depend upon the use to whichthe receptacle is to be put. However, when used for fluid analysis highclarity is required as indicated by the transmission of a highpercentage of ultra violet and visible light. A solar transmission, asdetermined by ASTM E-424, greater than 90% preferably greater than 95%is preferred. For this reason fluorocarbon films such as FEP availablefrom Du Pont is a preferred material for the production of receptaclesespecially those to be used in gas analysis. Use of FEP and likematerials has the added benefit that it cannot be compressed.

The walls of the vessel should also be flexible and inelastic.Flexibility means that the material at its thickness of use is able tocompletely recover its original shape and form from compression,concertina, flat pack, fanfold, stack, bend or twist. This comprehensiveflexibility simultaneously maintaining the integrity of their contentswithin a high optical clarity material.

In one embodiment rigidity may be imparted to part of the structurethrough the incorporation of a rigid moulded part such as the top and/orthe base of the receptacle. The integrity of the contents is stillmaintained as aforementioned, however the optical clarity is sacrificedat top and bottom of the receptacle in favour of rigidity and strength.

The receptacle is conveniently made by mass produced methods and we havefound that fluorocarbons such as FEP (polytetrafluoroethylene),preferably virgin FEP, supplied by Du Pont, MFA Ausimont and PFA areparticularly useful materials from which the sample bag can be made.Conveniently the receptacle is made in five pieces, the sample bagitself, the non-return valve, the non-return valve holder, a tamperproofclip and a fluid delivery tube such as a mouthpiece. For the receptaclewhich provides a firm fit for the consistent light environment chamberin FIG. 13, the bag is preferably extruded and sealed at one end by awelding technique (see FIG. 5). The bag is provided with an opening intowhich the valve holder and valve can be sealed and clipped. The valveholder may also be injection moulded as can the valve and fluid deliverytube from materials such as medical grade polypropylene, as can the basefor such receptacles as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. A vacuum is createdwithin the receptacle, then sterilised and vacuum packed to avoidcontamination prior to use. Two or more receptacles may be linked inseries to allow parallel analysis of more than one sample.

The valve holder is preferably shaped so that a fluid delivery tube,such as a mouthpiece can be readily attached to the top of thereceptacle.

The shape of the inflated receptacle should be such that it is a firmfit within the consistent light condition environment of the fluidanalyser system. We prefer that the receptacle, upon inflation by thefluid to be analysed is cylindrical at the point where the radiationdetectors are positioned. The valve and the materials from which thecontainer is made should be such that the container cannot be expandedbeyond its original capacity due to inflation by the pressure of thesample.

At the time of collection of the sample of the fluid to be analysed itis preferable that the temperature of the sample should be measured andrecorded together with other significant information such as thehumidity, atmospheric pressure and location.

At the time when the fluid sample in the receptacle is to be analysed bythe fluid analyser, it is also preferable to determine the temperatureof the fluid sample. A mechanism is preferably provided for atemperature probe to be inserted through a wall of the consistent lightenvironment chamber to touch the skin of the sample bag contained withinthe consistent light environment. The probe without penetrating the skinmakes contact with the sample bag. Due to the flexible nature of thesample bag, the wall of the bag can surround the temperature probeencasing the tip and the fluid analyser system can then start takingmeasurements. The mechanism driving the temperature probe is controlledby variable resistance ensuring for each time the probe is positioned itwill be encased by the bag but penetration is prevented. Measurements ofthe ambient temperature of the consistent light environment chamber canalso be taken and recorded. The light environment chamber is preferablymade of a single material to reduce radiation contamination. It shouldbe opaque and polypropylene is a suitable material. It is preferred thatno resins or adhesives be used in the manufacture of the lightenvironment chamber.

The duration of the scan is pre-determined. The measurement of durationis the receiving device(s)'s allowable exposure time to the radiationsource (fluid sample). From start to finish the time increment can varyaccording to the user's requirements typically ranging from but notlimited to milliseconds up to 7 seconds and beyond. As previouslymentioned it is preferred to use Charge Coupled Device (CCD) detectorsto register the radiation emitted by the sample.

Further arrangements may also be made for the determination of thehumidity and thereby the dew point. It is however important that thesensors do not penetrate the skin of the container so that there is nophysical interference with the fluid sample.

In the preferred operation of the present invention once inflated withthe sample of the fluid to be analysed the receptacle is placed into theconsistent light condition, preferably dark environment compartment nextto a detector which is preferably a Radiation Absorbance Device(s)(RAD). The compartment should then be closed so that normal light willnot interfere with the analysis of the fluids. The light reading in thecompartment can then be measured and recorded. The process variablessuch as temperature, pressure and humidity are then measured andrecorded. The Radiation Absorbance Device(s) (RAD) then take ameasurement of the various radiations emitted by the sample over apre-determined period of time. To determine the presence and quantity ofpre-selected individual fluids, the analyser system having magnified thedata of the scan, matches and analyses the wavelengths specificallyconcerned and their peak intensities against known data already storedin the fluid data base. Alternatively, the preferred method of detectingfluids that are unknown at the time of sampling is to utilise the fullrange of the Radiation Absorbance Device(s) (RAD), whether sub-infrasonics, infra sonics, sonics, ultra sonics, microwaves, infra red, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma, cosmic and ultra-cosmic. In the preferredoperation the process variables such as temperature, pressure andhumidity are then measured and recorded again. The fluid analyser systemsoftware can then not only determine the fluids present in the samplethrough a databank of the known wavelengths of fluids, but can alsocompute the amounts of each identified fluid present through themeasurement of the fluid intensities.

The data that is collected by the analyser is preferably magnified usingstandard curve fitting and signal magnification techniques which canincorporate multiplication and spectral splitting of the pixels. Themagnified signal may then be used to identify the fluids present in thesample via the software. This is achieved by comparison against a storedinformation bank of known wavelengths of fluids. Each molecule of adiffering nature will have differing levels of resonance or wavelengths.The system preferably uses software that can sum the absorbances at eachof the particular values during or after the radiation measurement, togive the quantity present of each of the fluids which have beenidentified, within the spectral range (nm) of the Charge-Coupled Device(CCD) detectors being used within the RADs. Knowing the volume of theinflated receptacle used, the fluids are expressed as a percentage ofthe sample(s). The accuracy of the measurement may be increased bytaking multiple measurements of one or more samples.

All fluids at the time of sampling will be analysed under the sameconditions. Even though each sample's process variables such astemperature or pressure may differ. The intensity values recorded willbe in proportion at the time. The individual values of intensity are notas important as the relationship they have as a portion of the whole.Therefore, if temperature changed, the registered intensity valuesthroughout the spectra analysed will change accordingly at the time.Consequently, the volumes identified will be in accordance to theprocess variables at the time and location of sampling. The temperaturevariance is important as changes to the registered and non-registeredintensity values are not linear when expansion and retraction occur.

Having been able to identify the fluids present with their volumesexpressed as a percentage of the sample, many characteristics of thefluids, such as weights and sizes can be determined. This will helpconstruct a far more comprehensive picture and moving model of fluidsand their real time activities.

The invention is illustrated by the accompanying drawings in which

FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the performance of the system ofthe present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates how the invention can be used as a health diary.

FIG. 3 shows the cylindrical shaped receptacle to be used for collectionof a sample to be analysed in uninflated form.

FIG. 4 shows the cylindrical shaped receptacle in inflated form.

FIG. 5 shows the receptacle to be used for collection of the sample tobe analysed by the consistent light environment chamber shown in FIG.13.

FIG. 6 shows a receptacle with a flexible base which can be used, oninflation, in an appropriately shaped consistent light environmentchamber for analysis of a fluid sample.

FIG. 7 shows a receptacle which can collect a fluid sample. The valveholders and valves are positioned at either end of the extruded bagenabling the fluid emission to pass through the now inflated receptacleand at any given point in time, a sample can be collected of the fluidemission.

FIG. 8 illustrates how several receptacles such as those illustrated inFIG. 7 may be used in series to enable parallel analysis of more thanone sample.

FIG. 9 illustrates how receptacles described in FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and8 can be distributed and dispensed individually by tearing/breaking theperforation. The conduit of any description may then be attached.

FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic illustration of the apparatus of the presentinvention.

FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic illustration of an alternate apparatus of thepresent invention.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart of an information flow during an analysisperformed according to the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a cut away view of the compartment of an analyser accordingto the present invention which shows a housing (14) in which is acompartment (15) for receipt of the receptacle containing the sample tobe analysed. The compartment may be removable and replaceable toaccommodate different receptacle shapes and sizes such as FIGS. 4,6 and7. A light sensor (16), an ambient environment temperature measurement(17) and a sensor (18) for measuring the sample temperature areprovided. In addition the wall of the compartment is provided withdetectors (19) and (20) which, in a preferred embodiment, are multipleCCD fittings. The compartment as shown in FIG. 13 may then be connectedto a recorded device such as that illustrated in FIG. 15.

FIG. 14 is a view of the consistent light environment compartment.

FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of the data recorder and databasethat may be associated with the compartment of FIG. 13. The interfaceboard shown may have other interface boards of the same or differingarrangements connected.

As shown in FIG. 1 a test is performed by starting up the equipmentselecting the test type and collecting a sample of the fluid to beanalysed in the receptacle. The test is then started and the temperatureand optimally the humidity/dew point and atmospheric pressure aredetermined. The radiation detector(s) are then activated and ameasurement of the radiation emitted by the fluid sample is taken over apre-determined duration and recorded. According to the nature of thetest several samples may be analysed or the sample may be subjected toseveral measurements. As FIG. 1 also shows the data storage allows forthe capture of a wide range of additional data appropriate to the natureof the sample. For example if the analysis is of breath, perhaps formedical purposes, then the location (at work, at home, travelling etc)can be recorded as can (indoors, outdoors, underground). Similarly theclimatic conditions can be recorded as can the exact date, time andlocation at which the sample was taken.

As shown in FIG. 1, the user/controller has the ability to install datainto the fluid analyser system's database by means of downloadinginformation, installing from a disc, and/or a user/controller inputtingdata. In addition each test result can be stored and may beautomatically tagged by the user's title of the test, date, time and GPSlocation. The test is preferably, but not necessarily, storedchronologically and externally either in a bank of information, FIG. 1,and/or a media format with the test tag stored internally on the fluidanalyser storage database, also chronologically, for immediate access tothe result externally, if agreed by all concerned. This process can bereversed if the end user so chooses alternatively data can be freelyextracted to suit.

Preferably, the present invention also makes provision for smart cardaccess and deny ability as shown in FIG. 1. That is a securingmethodology for information considered confidential.

FIG. 2 illustrates how the information obtained by the analysis can beused as a health diary. For example the analyser may be provided withalarm indicators (referred to as traffic lights in FIG. 2), which areactivated if unusual or dangerous fluids or quantities of fluids aredetected. Furthermore, the analysis may be compared with previouslystored personal data to enable any changes to be identified.

The information obtained can then be stored and tagged for subsequentuse for instance in forensic operations. The results can also becompared with existing data. Alternatively the data can be interpretedto provide warnings of the presence of dangerous fluids, environmentalchanges leading to storms and earthquakes and other natural phenomena.Alternatively the data can be interpreted for medical purposes for thediagnosis of illnesses and the prescription of medicines as an advisorysystem. The information can also be used to give a particular signatureto the source of the sample for example; the accuracy of the techniquesof the present invention enables unique individual breath signatures tobe obtained somewhat like an individuals DNA profile. Having a uniqueindividual signature registered could be most useful in other areas suchas security and personal identity ratification. Replicating theindividual signature, that is specific fluids in their concentrations,will not be possible. The fluid analyser system may be used for thepurpose of predictions. For example, indications from a trend orsignature that a person may have an illness developing which could beprevented if identified at an early stage.

The Examples of additional data that may be stored include one or moreof external data such as height, weight, age, body mass, body surfacearea, lung capacity, blood type, blood analysis including bloodpressure, hydration levels, blood sugars, blood testosterone, bloodoestrogen levels and cholesterol. Blood flow, chill factors, reflection,respiration rate, pulse, gender, ethnicity, posture, lifestyle,supplementary lifestyle, location, supplementary location, molecularsize, molecular weight, gravity, activities and calorific values.

The fluid analyser system of the present invention can be used forclinical studies. In a study of Asthma, as one example of many, therewould be a qualitative and/or quantitative difference not only betweenasthmatics and non-asthmatics but also between asthmatics of differingclinical manifestation, or variation within an individual sufferer onoccasions of different physiological status. In this way the fluidanalyser system will not only have the ability to screen for thepresence of certain fluids associated with diseases or illnesses, but beable to monitor severity and long term fluctuation. In addition to theclear clinical diagnostic potential, the fluid analyser system will alsobe able to analyse components in the environment which may trigger orincrease the risk of certain conditions, such as sensitising agents andallergens important to atopic excema, and other respiratory illnesses.

The results generated from the fluid analyser system can be used asmarkers. These markers will be known as signatures and can be used asoverlays for comparative analysis by the users for status reports,acting as an advisory system only. Using the advisory data together withother outside information and technologies, the users have the potentialto determine problems, diseases and illnesses, diagnosis, individualdosage, standards and prediction, designer medication, warnings andalarms, remedial actions and new fluids.

Another benefit of the fluid analyser system is that it is able toprovide the user with instant data. The resulting advisory status reportcan be understood and appreciated by a wider user group immediatelypreventing event driven courses of action and decision making creating amore proactive approach.

Examples of the information that may be pre-recorded and put into thefluid analyser system's database for comparative analysis are asfollows:

-   -   1. Known data taken as a standard of environmental and the        individual norm for fluids. From 0- to 100% of normal volume        with proposed splits of measurements to form a template. For        example, Nitrogen is from 0- to 100% of normal volume with        increments of at least 0.0000000001%.    -   2. Known physical environmental data extended up and down the        normally accepted scales of measurement with further extensions        both up and down the scale as found in artificial environments.        From 0- to 100% of normal volume with proposed splits of        measurements to form a template. For example, temperature is        −100° C. to +100° C. with increments of 0.00001° C.    -   3. Known physical data tables of individuals recording all        parameters also relating to breath gases extended up and down        the normally accepted scales of measurement with further        extensions both up and down the scale. From 0- to 100% of volume        with proposed splits of measurements to form a template.    -   4. Recorded as actual measurements of the environment on the day        (including temperature, pressure, humidity) and at the time of        the collection of the sample. With the facility to overlay        against the pre-recorded known data listed above under 1 to 3.    -   5. Recorded as actual individual physical tests on the day and        at the time of the environmental test. With the facility to        overlay against the pre-recorded known physical data listed        under 1 to 4.    -   6. Databank of known wavelengths of fluids. Any methodology may        be used to add a new fluid to the database. However, we prefer        to set the temperature of the fluid system analyser, record        measurements of what is present in the consistent light        environment chamber without the receptacle inside, under a        pre-determined time duration. Using the Radiation Absorbance        Device(s) (RAD) receive and absorb, radiation from the radiation        source and record the values measured. The radiation source is        the atmosphere and its surroundings within the consistent light        condition environment. Next the receptacle is filled with the        pure fluid, Nitrogen gas for example, and placed into the        consistent light condition environment and the temperature set.        Under a pre-determined time duration, the fluid analyser        system's Radiation Absorbance Device(s) (RAD) receive by        absorbance, radiation from the, Nitrogen, which is known        wavelengths. Through standard curve fitting techniques the        values are magnified enabling a clearer definition as to the        identity of the wavelengths and their peak intensity values.        Repeating the process any number of times will provide an        increased accuracy through averaging. What is considered to be        distortion and noise via a process of elimination referencing        other known data, such as the impact of the receptacle itself        and the light environment compartment, and samples taken, the        remaining peak intensity wavelength values provide an identity.        In this example, Nitrogen.    -   7. Actual wavelengths act as indicators to mark their peak        intensity measurements. Where the intensities peak, the        corresponding wavelengths are matched against the databank,        established as set out in 6 above, of known wavelengths of        fluids. Matching wavelengths within a pre-defined tolerance will        determine the presence of an individual fluid. This process is        repeated automatically until all fluids stored in the databank        have been searched and the fluids in the sample identified.        Points 4, 5 and 8 relate to and/or incorporate 7 via their        definitions.    -   8. Actual absorbance data of intensities to determine volumes of        identified fluids. When used for health purposes this can        illustrate excesses and depletions of the norm and/or trends.

The content of the sample having been determined the software can beprogrammed to enable the following comparisons to be made:

-   -   A. The data recorded under 4 above is compared with the data        under number 1. With a list of numerical comparatives and +/−%        variances shown. With numerous tests per individual, a trend or        more accurate mean and degree of +/−% variance of the        extrapolated data can be established against the norm listed in        the pre-recorded data of 1 above.    -   B. The data recorded under number 5 above is compared with the        data under number 1. With a list of numerical comparatives and        +/−% variances shown. With numerous tests per individual, a        trend or more accurate mean and degree of +/−% variance of the        extrapolated data can be established against the norm listed in        the pre-recorded data of 1.    -   C. The data recorded under number 5 above is compared with the        data under number 3. With a list of numerical comparatives and        +/−% variances shown. With numerous tests per individual, a        trend or more accurate mean and degree of +/−% variance of the        extrapolated data can be established against the norm listed in        the pre-recorded data of 3.    -   D. The data recorded under numbers 4 & 5 above is collectively        to be compared with the data under numbers 3 & 2. Together with        a list of numerical comparatives and +/−% variances shown. With        numerous tests representing the samples, a trend or more        accurate mean and degree of +/−% variance of the extrapolated        data can be established against the norm listed in the        pre-recorded data of 3. & 2.    -   E. The data recorded under number 4 above is compared with the        data under number 2. Only with a list of numerical comparatives        and +/−% variances shown. With numerous tests representing the        sample, a trend or more accurate mean and degree of +/−%        variance of the extrapolated data can be established against the        norm listed in the pre-recorded data of 2.    -   F. The data recorded under numbers 1 & 4 is compared with the        data under numbers 1 & 5. Only with a list of numerical        comparatives and +/−% variances shown. With numerous tests        representing the sample, a trend or more accurate mean and        degree of +/−% variance of the extrapolated data can be        established against the norm listed in the pre-recorded data of        2.    -   G. The data recorded under any of numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 may be        compared with previous internal and/or external sample readings        and/or data.    -   H. Historical number 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 readings may be compared        with previous internal and/or external sample readings and/or        data.    -   I. The data recorded under number 5 may be compared with number        4., compared with previous internal and/or external sample        readings and/or data.    -   J. Historical Number 5 may be compared with historical number        4., and may be compared with previous internal and/or external        sample readings and/or data.    -   K. Including 7 and 8. Comparisons made from A, B, C, D, E, F, G,        H, I and J or combinations of.

These comparisons are particularly useful if the fluid analyser is to beused for medical purposes monitoring human breath, for example, bycomparing the actual results of the analysis of the individual's breathand the environment to the normal signature taken from their breathanalysis and what is normally expected to be found in that environment,the fluid analyser system will provide data assisting in an independentdiagnosis as to whether an individual's problem was triggered by theenvironment or not. This is achieved by carrying out comparative studiesusing the fluid analyser system software. By using the fluid analysersystem the user has the potential to determine through comparativeanalysis, for example, whether or not an athlete has been involved withperformance enhancing drugs.

One of the primary uses is as a means of analysing collected fluidsamples to detect and quantify specific compounds, or combination ofcompounds. The results generated can become markers. These markers willbe known as signatures and can be used as overlays for comparativeanalysis by the users for status reports, acting as an advisory systemonly. Using the advisory data together with other outside informationand technologies, the users can determine problems, diseases andillnesses, diagnosis, individual dosage, designer medication, warningsand alarms, standards and predictions, remedial actions and identify newfluids. The Fluid analyser system data can be made available to the enduser within 1 minute.

A preferred form of a receptacle for use in the collection of samplesfor use in the present invention is shown in FIG. 3 which is a crosssection of the receptacle in uninflated packed form. The receptaclewhich is preferably sterilised and vacuum packed to avoid contaminationconsists of a top (1) on which is mounted a non-return valve (2) and aconduit (3) through which the fluid sample may be supplied. The flexiblesample bag (4) is collapsed and is sealed/attached at the base and thetop.

FIG. 4 a is the side elevation and shows the receptacle inflated withthe fluid sample. FIG. 4 b is the front elevation, which also shows thereceptacle inflated with the fluid sample.

To use the receptacle, the vacuum packed seal(s) is broken, the sourceof the fluid applied to the chosen orifice and the sample collectedthrough the conduit (3 of FIG. 3) from the pressure of the flow ofexhalation and/or emission: or alternatively through the conduit (3 ofFIG. 3) to retrieve a collected sample from the environment. This may beachieved by pulling the base away from the top (1) releasing valve (2)until the receptacle, FIG. 3, is fully inflated, as shown in FIG. 4. Thevalve automatically returns to its closed position once the receptacleis fully inflated or the motion of pulling the base away from the topstops. To use the receptacles in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 the same methodologycan be applied.

The receptacle enables a non-pressurised sample collection method due tothe fact there is no additional power or assistance required other thanthat of the flow of the fluid being collected and/or pulling motion,maintaining the integrity of the sample. The receptacle once full, asshown in FIG. 4, is sealed with valve (2) and therefore is unable topollute the fluid analyser system. The receptacle is preferably usedonly once to maintain the integrity of the collected sample, it can thenbe disposed of carefully or the individual components making thereceptacle can be disconnected for recycling.

If, as in one example, the collected sample is to be stored for longperiods of time prior to analysis, a screw cap of some description whichmay be fluorinated may be used to further prevent contamination of thesample. To attach the screw cap, the thread of the valve holder may beused.

FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic illustration of the apparatus of the presentinvention. The apparatus consists of a consistent light environmentchamber (6) into which the inflated receptacle of FIGS. 4, 5, 6 or 7 canbe fully inserted. The apparatus is provided with a lid (not shown) sothat when closed the consistent light environment chamber and theinflated receptacle remain in a controlled light environment. Theapparatus is provided with sensors (7) which determine the temperaturein the consistent light environment chamber, the temperature of thefluid sample and the level of light.

The analysis process can be activated through the interface controller(10) which, simultaneously activates a timer. Once the radiationabsorption device(s) (9) are activated, they start recording theradiation from the sample (8) and the timer records the duration of themeasurement which stops once the pre-determined duration time haselapsed. The measurement concerning the intensity levels detected by theRAD(s) at known wavelengths is transferred to a computer system (11) and(12) where the signal is translated and magnified. The peak intensitywavelengths are then identified and transmitted to be referenced againsta database (13) of known data of wavelengths of fluids to determine theidentity of fluids present. The computer (11) also provides means forcalculating the total and individual volumes of fluids presentreferenced against the known volume of the receptacle and the processvariables.

Preferably, the present invention consists of the rest of the apparatusor combinations thereof shown in FIG. 10.

In addition to the fluid analyser system having the ability to be linkedto multiple fluid analyser systems or peripheral devices for the purposeof transferring, comparing, referencing and/or using data multiple fluidanalyser systems may be present in one form. For example, there may beany number of light consistent environment chambers (6), sensors (7),RADs (9), configured in the same arrangement as FIG. 10 linked into thecomputer system (10), (11), (12) & (13) to analyse collected samples(8). The collected samples' measurements can be recorded singly,simultaneously or in combinations thereof through controller (10).Additionally, different types of fluid receptacles may be used at anyonetime or combinations thereof to determine a variety of environmentalconditions within a particular site. The respective light consistentenvironment chambers are able to receive the differently shaped fluidreceptacles accordingly. This flexibility allows for multitasking to becompleted utilising just one Fluid analyser system with all work beingcarried out at the same time.

Furthermore, for identification purposes only, it is possible bydifferent arrangement of the fluid analyser system to identify thecontent of individual fluids in the outer environment where the fluidanalyser is located. In FIG. 11, the RAD(s) (9) are positioned in such away that the radiation source (8), is the atmosphere or other fluidsample of the environment. This fluid analyser system may be used forthe purpose of determining whether a particular dangerous or potentiallyhazardous gas or gases are present in the atmosphere in which peopleneed to operate, for example.

Staged timing throughout a 24 hour day using multiple sample containersinserted within the controlled environment chambers for automaticmonitoring of the climatic register of the atmosphere will recordregular comparative data altered by time and the process variableswithin the current environment.

All data received from the fluid analyser system sensors is eithermagnified and/or averaged via multiple sampling to a greater degree ofaccuracy.

1-42. (CANCELLED)
 43. A fluid analyser system comprising a receptaclefor the collection of a fluid sample and an analysis apparatuscontaining a consistent light condition compartment containingtemperature detection devices into which the sealed receptaclecontaining the fluid sample may be placed and means for detecting theradiation emitted from the sample.
 44. A fluid analyser according toclaim 43 containing means for magnifying the signal detected and meansfor translating the magnified signal into the nature and quantity of thefluids present in the sample said means being referenced according to atleast one property from the group consisting of: a) the known volume ofinflated receptacle; b) the light condition of the fluid sample; c) thetemperature of fluid sample; and d) the duration and/or the distance ofthe radiation scan.
 45. A fluid analyser system comprising: i) A sealedreceptacle for a fluid sample; ii) A consistent light conditionenvironment in which the receptacle can be placed; iii) A timing devicefor measuring duration of the scan of the radiation emitted by the fluidsample in the receptacle; iv) A temperature sensor for determining thetemperature of the sample; V) Detector(s) for detecting the radiationemitted by the sample located at a predetermined distance from thesample; and vi) Means for translating and magnifying the signal from thedetector(s) enabling identification of the intensities and the peakintensity values wavelengths of the radiation emitted by the fluidsample.
 46. A fluid analyser system according to claim 45 alsocontaining a light meter for determining the consistent light conditionenvironment.
 47. A fluid analyser according to claim 43, containingmeans whereby the peak intensities and peak intensity values are summedand/or correlated with known/unknown peak intensities and/or peakintensity values (nm wavelength values) to indicate the nature of thefluids present in the sample and to determine the concentrations of thefluids in the sample.
 48. A fluid analyser according to claim 43operated via a computer driven software system which provides anadvisory status report of the content of the fluid and the conditionsunder which the test was performed.
 49. A fluid analyser according toclaim 43 including a means for the measurement of the humidity and dewpoint of the sample.
 50. A fluid analyser according to claim 43including means for determining the atmospheric pressure.
 51. A fluidanalyser according to claim 43, further comprising a GPS.
 52. A fluidanalyser according to claim 43 including a means for the measurement ofone of more of velocity, sound, gravity and vibration.
 53. A fluidanalyser according to claim 43 in which the walls of the receptacle havea high optical clarity and are flexible but not elastic.
 54. A fluidanalyser according to claim 43 in which the receptacle is formed from afluorocarbon polymer.
 55. A fluid analyser according to claim 43 inwhich the receptacle is provided with a one-way valve.
 56. A fluidanalyser according to claim 55 in which the valve is in a valve holderwhich is shaped so that a fluid delivery tube can be attached to the topof the receptacle.
 57. A fluid analyser according to claim 43 in whichthe shape of the inflated receptacle is such that it is a firm fitwithin the consistent light condition environment.
 58. A fluid analyseraccording to claim 43 containing a mechanism whereby a temperature probemay be inserted through a wall of the consistent light environmentchamber to touch the skin of the receptacle contained within theconsistent light environment whereby the probe without penetrating theskin makes contact with the receptacle wall.
 59. A fluid analyseraccording to claim 58 in which the mechanism driving the temperatureprobe is controlled by variable resistance ensuring for each time theprobe is positioned it will be encased by the bag but penetration of thebag is prevented.
 60. A process for analysing fluids comprising fillinga receptacle with a sample fluid to be analysed, sealing the receptaclewith the fluid therein, placing the receptacle into a consistent lightcondition environment compartment next to a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)detector(s) closing the compartment and measuring the radiation emittedby the sample fluid over a predetermined time and measuring andrecording the temperature.
 61. A process according to claim 60 whereinthe measurement of the radiation is magnified and the magnified signalused to identify the fluids present.
 62. A process according to claim 60in which the measurement is magnified using standard curve fittingand/or signal magnification techniques.
 63. A process according to claim60 in which distortion and noise is removed from the measurement by aprocess of elimination referencing other known data.
 64. A processaccording to claim 60 in which multiple measurements are made of one ormore samples and the result averaged.
 65. A process according to claim60 in which at the time of analysis humidity is also measured.
 66. Aprocess according to claim 60 in which at the time of analysisatmospheric pressure is also measured.
 67. A process according to claim60 in which at the time of analysis location is recorded.
 68. The methodof process according to claim 60 for the detection and/or determinationof fluids.
 69. A process according to claim 60 in the evaluation ofengine combustion.
 70. A process according to claim 69 for the detectionof emissions generated.
 71. A process according to claim 60 in weatherforecasting and forecasting for volcanic eruption and earthquakes.
 72. Aprocess according to claim 60 for the detection of the content of humanand animal breath.
 73. A process according to claim 60 comprising thedetermination of a unique individual breath signature.
 74. A processaccording to claim 73 in which the breath signature is determined forsecurity purposes.
 75. A process according to claim 73 for personalidentification ratification.
 76. A process according to claim 72 inwhich the sample is taken and scanned in a first location and theresults transmitted to a second location.
 77. A process according toclaim 76 in which the first location is the home, in an ambulance or atan accident site.
 78. A process according to claim 77 comprising whichthe second location is a doctor's surgery or a hospital.
 79. A processaccording to claim 60 comprising the detection of gases in an industrialenvironment.
 80. An analyser system according to claim 43 in which theanalyser system is non-invasive.
 81. An analyser system according toclaim 43 that operates and transmits/receives test data remotely.
 82. Ananalyser system according to claim 43 including one or more of a visualdisplay screen, a printer, a data transmitter/receiver, data storage,rechargeable/universal mains power supply, peripheral ports, keyboard,scroll bar, switches.
 83. A fluid analyser system according to claim 43comprising a database of fluids and their known wavelengths.
 84. A fluidanalyser system according to claim 43 adapted to provide a comprehensiveadvisory status report of the fluids analysed with the appropriatereference data.
 85. An analyser system according to claim 43 in whichthe consistent light environment compartment is made of a singlematerial.
 86. An analyser according to claim 85 in which the compartmentis formed from a medical grade polypropylene.